# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature

> The full Ipamorelin reference list — every cited PubMed study and clinical trial behind the pharmacokinetics, mechanism, and safety claims on this site, with DOIs and links.

Every claim on this site maps to one of these primary sources — peer-reviewed journals, PubMed, and a registered clinical trial.

## About this reference list

Every quantitative claim on this site — the Ipamorelin half-life, clearance, ED50 values, trial endpoints, and safety reasoning — is cited to one of the primary sources below. Each entry includes the authors, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed link so any claim can be traced and checked. The list is ordered to match the inline citation numbers used throughout the site. It draws on the founding pharmacological characterization, the human pharmacokinetic study, the single Phase 2 clinical trial, and the broader preclinical and analytical literature.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients (NCT00672074). Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Johansen PB, Hansen KT, Andersen JV, Johansen NL. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption. Xenobiotica. 1998;28(11):1083-1091. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9879640/
[8] Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Delahaut P, Kohler M, Schanzer W, Thevis M. Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(11-12):990-998. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25869809/
[9] Johansen PB, et al. Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice in response to a GH secretagogue. Exp Diabesity Res. 2003;4:73-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14630569/
[10] Hansen BS, et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a new oral GH secretagogue, NN703. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141:180-189. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10427162/
[11] Ankersen M, Johansen NL, Madsen K, Hansen BS, Raun K, Nielsen KK, Thogersen H, Hansen TK, Peschke B, Lau J, Lundt BF, Andersen PH. A new series of highly potent growth hormone-releasing peptides derived from ipamorelin. J Med Chem. 1998;41(19):3699-3704. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733495/
[12] Sondergaard LG, et al. The use of pigs as an animal model to evaluate the efficacy, potency and specificity of growth hormone secretagogues. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001;11(5):278-285. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11735232/
[13] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/
[14] Welle S, et al. Growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogue effects on nitrogen balance and urea synthesis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(3):260-265. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19231263/
[15] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[16] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/
[17] Coutinho LFD, et al. A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41880199/

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A telemetry-grade reading of the published ipamorelin record — the half-life, the clearance, and the single growth-hormone pulse logged and cited; no clinic behind the console and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.